我们为基于语义信息（称为ConceptBeam的语义信息）提出了一个新颖的框架。目标语音提取意味着在混合物中提取目标扬声器的语音。典型的方法一直在利用音频信号的性能，例如谐波结构和到达方向。相反，ConceptBeam通过语义线索解决了问题。具体来说，我们使用概念规范（例如图像或语音）提取说话者谈论概念的演讲，即感兴趣的主题。解决这个新颖的问题将为对话中讨论的特定主题等创新应用打开门。与关键字不同，概念是抽象的概念，使直接代表目标概念的挑战。在我们的方案中，通过将概念规范映射到共享的嵌入空间，将概念编码为语义嵌入。可以使用由图像及其口语字幕组成的配对数据进行深度度量学习来构建这种独立的空间。我们使用它来桥接模式依赖性信息，即混合物中的语音段以及指定的，无模式的概念。作为我们方案的证明，我们使用与口语标题相关的一组图像进行了实验。也就是说，我们从这些口语字幕中产生了语音混合物，并将图像或语音信号用作概念指定符。然后，我们使用已识别段的声学特征提取目标语音。我们将ConceptBeam与两种方法进行比较：一种基于从识别系统获得的关键字，另一个基于声音源分离。我们表明，概念束明显优于基线方法，并根据语义表示有效提取语音。

Systems for knowledge-intensive tasks such as open-domain question answering (QA) usually consist of two stages: efficient retrieval of relevant documents from a large corpus and detailed reading of the selected documents to generate answers. Retrievers and readers are usually modeled separately, which necessitates a cumbersome implementation and is hard to train and adapt in an end-to-end fashion. In this paper, we revisit this design and eschew the separate architecture and training in favor of a single Transformer that performs Retrieval as Attention (ReAtt), and end-to-end training solely based on supervision from the end QA task. We demonstrate for the first time that a single model trained end-to-end can achieve both competitive retrieval and QA performance, matching or slightly outperforming state-of-the-art separately trained retrievers and readers. Moreover, end-to-end adaptation significantly boosts its performance on out-of-domain datasets in both supervised and unsupervised settings, making our model a simple and adaptable solution for knowledge-intensive tasks. Code and models are available at https://github.com/jzbjyb/ReAtt.

Deep Metric Learning (DML) is a prominent field in machine learning with extensive practical applications that concentrate on learning visual similarities. It is known that inputs such as Adversarial Examples (AXs), which follow a distribution different from that of clean data, result in false predictions from DML systems. This paper proposes MDProp, a framework to simultaneously improve the performance of DML models on clean data and inputs following multiple distributions. MDProp utilizes multi-distribution data through an AX generation process while leveraging disentangled learning through multiple batch normalization layers during the training of a DML model. MDProp is the first to generate feature space multi-targeted AXs to perform targeted regularization on the training model's denser embedding space regions, resulting in improved embedding space densities contributing to the improved generalization in the trained models. From a comprehensive experimental analysis, we show that MDProp results in up to 2.95% increased clean data Recall@1 scores and up to 2.12 times increased robustness against different input distributions compared to the conventional methods.

众所周知，SNS提供商可以进行上传视频/图像的重新压缩和调整，但是大多数用于检测篡改视频/图像的常规方法对此类操作不够强大。此外，视频是在时间上操作的，例如插入新框架和框架的排列，通过使用常规方法很难检测到其中的操作。因此，在本文中，我们提出了一种新颖的方法，该方法具有强大的散列算法，即使在对视频进行调整和压缩时，也可以检测到时间操作的视频。

基于有效干预措施的早期疾病检测和预防方法正在引起人们的注意。机器学习技术通过捕获多元数据中的个体差异来实现精确的疾病预测。精确医学的进展表明，在个人层面的健康数据中存在实质性异质性，并且复杂的健康因素与慢性疾病的发展有关。但是，由于多种生物标志物之间的复杂关系，确定跨疾病发作过程中的个体生理状态变化仍然是一个挑战。在这里，我们介绍了健康疾病阶段图（HDPD），它通过可视化在疾病进展过程早期波动的多种生物标志物的边界值来代表个人健康状态。在HDPD中，未来的发作预测是通过扰动多个生物标志物值的情况来表示的，同时考虑变量之间的依赖性。我们从3,238个个体的纵向健康检查队列中构建了11种非传染性疾病（NCD）的HDPD，其中包括3,215个测量项目和遗传数据。 HDPD中非发病区域的生物标志物值的改善显着阻止了11个NCD中的7个未来的疾病发作。我们的结果表明，HDPD可以在发作过程中代表单个生理状态，并用作预防疾病的干预目标。

各种现有研究分析了NLP模型继承了哪些社会偏见。这些偏见可能直接或间接损害人们，因此以前的研究仅关注人类属性。但是，直到最近，还没有关于NLP关于非人类的社会偏见的研究。在本文中，我们分析了非人类动物的偏见，即物种主义偏见，在英语蒙面语言模型（例如Bert）中固有的偏见。我们使用基于模板的和语料库提取的句子（或非特征主义）语言分析了物种主义对46个动物名称的偏见。我们发现，预先训练的蒙版语言模型倾向于将有害单词与非人类动物联系起来，并且有偏见的偏见，将物种主义语言用于某些非人类动物名称。我们用于复制实验的代码将在GitHub上提供。

Recent work has presented intriguing results examining the knowledge contained in language models (LM) by having the LM fill in the blanks of prompts such as "Obama is a by profession". These prompts are usually manually created, and quite possibly suboptimal; another prompt such as "Obama worked as a " may result in more accurately predicting the correct profession. Because of this, given an inappropriate prompt, we might fail to retrieve facts that the LM does know, and thus any given prompt only provides a lower bound estimate of the knowledge contained in an LM. In this paper, we attempt to more accurately estimate the knowledge contained in LMs by automatically discovering better prompts to use in this querying process. Specifically, we propose mining-based and paraphrasing-based methods to automatically generate high-quality and diverse prompts, as well as ensemble methods to combine answers from different prompts. Extensive experiments on the LAMA benchmark for extracting relational knowledge from LMs demonstrate that our methods can improve accuracy from 31.1% to 39.6%, providing a tighter lower bound on what LMs know. We have released the code and the resulting LM Prompt And Query Archive (LPAQA) at https://github. com/jzbjyb/LPAQA.1 Some models we use in this paper, e.g. BERT (Devlin et al., 2019), are bi-directional, and do not directly define probability distribution over text, which is the underlying definition of an LM. Nonetheless, we call them LMs for simplicity.